Nursing as a Discipline - 1565 Words

Nursing as a Discipline: It’s Interrelationship with Philosophy, Science and Ethics Raymund Christopher R. dela Pena Saint Louis University The discipline of nursing is concerned with how nurses interact with people in relation to their health and within their total environment. Nursing at its core is caring for people within their health experience. The effective nurse is able to think critically, feel deeply, communicate clearly, interact meaningfully, assume responsibility, exhibit a thirst for knowledge and act morally. The discipline of nursing slowly evolved from the traditional role of women, apprenticeship, humanitarian aims, religious ideals, intuition, common sense, trial and error, theories, and research,†¦show more content†¦Spiegelberg (1982) believed that science had failed to be exact because it had not clearly described the essence of things before they were put into theoretical statement. Futhermore, Husserl (1932) writes that philosophy is fundamental to science and they have a reciprocal relationship. He views that philosophy and science as sharing a mutual relationship. Science provided the nursing profession breakthroughs on the different aspects of the nursing field. Philosophy enhanced the understanding of nurses on the application of this knowledge from science. I want to compare these two disciplines to a nurse who administers a pain reliever to a patient. The nurse’ ability to know the medication, route, dosage, adverse reactions and contraindications of the drug is of scientific knowledge. This can be very helpful to the nurse to administer the drug correctly. But the nurse should have intuition for her to recognize the patterns of response of the patient to that drug. This will help the nurse to detect or even predict a change in the patients’ condition, and that is philosophy. And if after administering the drug, the patient is still in pain, the value of ethics comes in to provide and insight to the nurse on what intervention has to be made and what choices are possible and why. Ethics is a moral component of nursing. It is a guide for nurses when moral dilemmas arise in situations of ambiguityShow MoreRelatedConcepts of the Discipline of Nursing Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesConcepts Central to the Discipline of Nursing In order to critically examine the concepts central to the discipline of nursing it is important to clarify my understanding of what constitutes a discipline. Nursing literature has led me to understand that a discipline can be, in simple terms, thought of as a field of study with a unique perspective which gives rise to the nature and scope of inquiry of that field and therefore leads to a specialized body of knowledge (Parker, M Smith, M, 2010).Read MoreNursing Process Discipline and Independent Nursing Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesNursing process discipline is a nursing theory developed by nursing theorist, Ida Jean Orlando. This theory, one of the first written about the nursing process, was written to help establish nursing as an independent function in providing health care for a patient. Through this independent nursing function, Orlando developed her theory on the concept of the nurse-patient interaction. During that interaction the nurse recognizes a patient behavior a s an â€Å"†¦ immediate need for help† (George, 2011Read MoreNursing Community And The Utilisation Of The Discipline1669 Words   |  7 Pagestowards patient care, in today’s health care setting. This essay will initially analyse evidence-based practice in the nursing community and the utilisation of the discipline. In the next part, the author will examine the attitudes of the nurses and challenges in applying the discipline as well as provide solutions where appropriate. Evidenced based practice is a vital element in nursing. It is a process that includes research and patient preferences to achieve a optimum results towards the care providedRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing : A Diverse Discipline1766 Words   |  8 PagesCommunity Intervention Paper Community health nursing is a diverse discipline that works to provide equitable health care to all residents of Canada. To achieve this goal, nurses, within this discipline, aid community members in identifying public health concerns, planning feasible interventions, implementing appropriate action or policy, and evaluating the intervention process (Community Health Nurses of Canada, 2016). As part of my Nursing 431 Community Nursing course, I was able to participate in a hydrationRead MoreConcepts Within Nursing And Advanced Nurse Practice Discipline1866 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The metaparadigm is part of the domain of the discipline† (Turkel, 2013, p.423). Person, health, environment, nursing, and research are concepts or domains within nursing and advanced nurse practice discipline. A further question originate the concept of teach, and how this concept can be part of each domain in the nursing metaparadigm. The concept of teach in the unitary caring paradigm is the integrality or continuing interaction of human and the environment. In the person domain, the conceptRead MoreThe Comfort Theory, By Catharine Kolcaba, The Tradition Of Nursing Discipline1893 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract In the Comfort Theory, proposed by Catharine Kolcaba, the tradition of nursing discipline - deriving theory from former disciplines is examined, and the notion of former healthcare disciplines deriving nursing theory has been recommended. A short literature review of plagiarized theory sets the position to examine the modification of the theory. She describes convenience as one of the mechanisms for the full rehabilitation of the patient, and the personal desire of the patient to recoveryRead MoreNursing Is A Distinct Discipline That Requires Specialized Knowledge On Human Response995 Words   |  4 PagesNursing is a distinct discipline that requires specialized knowledge on human response. Nurses must identify behaviors, emotions, norms, and preferences and use this information to reflect and alter their individual care for their patient. Understanding human response allows nurses to advocate, protect, and care for their patient. It also allows nurses to determine which route to g o when dealing with a patient. If they’ve encountered specific responses in the past they have a better understandingRead MoreNursing Has Evolved from Being an Occupation to Being a Profession and an Academic Discipline.1528 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the past decade nurse theorists and educationalists have been attempting to establish nursing as an academic discipline Nurse education is rapidly moving away from a single scientific or technical colleges of nursing into institutes of higher education. In this paper I had the privilege to discuss how Nursing has evolved from being an occupation to being a profession and an academic discipline. According to the Collins English Dictionary, An occupation isa persons regular work or profession;Read MoreAnalyzing The Attributes Of Different Methods Equips The Researcher1119 Words   |  5 Pagesattributes of different methods equips the researcher to select an appropriate approach to satisfy the aim of their inquiry. Rodgers (2005) and Risjord (2010) present two approaches to nursing knowledge development. This paper will compare and contrast Rodgers â€Å"problem-solving†(p. 177) method with Risjord’s â€Å"nursing standpoint† (p. 36). Rodgers provides a method that uses knowledge deficits in practice as the foundation for research. Risjord, on the other hand, acknowledges nurses’ lives and the perspectiveRead MoreNursing Knowledge Based On The Level Of Abstraction Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesNursing knowledge is the result of incorporating what is known and understood through learning, research, experience, and theory. Knowledge depends on research and theory to provide a collective, str uctured, and current information. This information can be used to explore phenomena, answer questions, generate new theory, and solve problems. DNPs need to be familiar with the components and levels of abstraction in nursing knowledge. The way to comprehend this information is by using the structural

Study On The Main Determinants Of Bank Failure Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1094 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? During the last decade, banking industry has become highly competitive, resulting in many banks to use aggressive strategies in order to survive or maintain their respective share in the market. This tendency of these financial institutions to become more aggressive when confronted with competitive pressures has led many banks to fail. Banking industry has gone through significant changes and is continuing to undergo major structural alterations. This dynamic structure results in an uncertain environment for the industry. The recent financial crisis has raised a large number of concerns about the strength of the current banking system to provide stability to the financial markets. Banks taking too much risk are highly prone to fail. Banks may fail if equity is insufficient to provide a safe cushion to write down any non-performing loans. Before recent financial turmoil, banks were more concerned about their profitability. They attempted to maximize profits t o increase shareholders wealth by increasing their financial leverage. A large deposit base provided for high financial leverage for banks, while their equity cushion continued to diminish. Most banks were using a ratio of more than twenty times debt compared to their equity. Low level of equity provided a very small cushion for the banks in case of a financial turmoil. A bank with three percent equity could suffer a loss of all its shareholders wealth if it lost just a minor fraction of its loan assets. For example, bank with an equity base of 10 billion pounds and a loan base of as high as 300 billion pounds, would have lost all its equity with a decrease of 3.33 % in the value of its loan assets. Banks need to manage their liquidity risk with extreme caution. A bank that maintains to little liquid reserves can go bankrupt if it fails to meet its obligations on time. These obligations include payment on demand deposits and interest payments to depositors holding cash in thei r saving accounts. If the bank is holding too little cash, it can usually borrow money through inter-bank borrowing at the federal funds rate. However, at times of financial crisis the liquidity of the market could be low. In the recent financial crisis rumours about bank failures resulted in a run on banks. Depositors wanted to withdraw their money before a suspected bankruptcy. On a usual day banks only anticipate a certain maximum percentage of funds to be withdrawn and hence they maintain cash to meet regular operational needs. However, in case of a run on banks all depositors simultaneously appear at bank counters to withdraw their deposits. Such a panic situation can result in bankruptcy of any financially sound bank in a matter of hours. Liquidity risk requires active management, as too much liquidity can be as much of a problem as is too little liquidity. Banks operate in a highly competitive environment and they are always competing for deposits. Those banks that prov ide higher interest rates relative to competition are able to attract more deposits and thereby expand their operations. Those that provide low interest rates suffer the risk that depositors will withdraw their funds to banks, which pay a higher return. To provide a higher return a bank needs to make profitable loans to other parties. Extending loans for businesses and for consumers restrict the liquidity of the banks. Therefore, there is a trade-off involved and the management has to choose the optimum level between return and liquidity. An economic crisis results in high levels of unemployment and can cause the non-performing loans to increase significantly. Lack of diversification into various asset classes in financing loans can result in major bank failures. During the recent banking crisis, subprime lending was at its peak. A component that lacks diversification was the subprime mortgage lending. A large number of mortgagees were speculating on housing prices and did not ha ve sufficient means to pay the dues. Banks were lending on zero down payment options where the mortgage holder had a call option to exercise. If housing prices increase, the mortgagee can sell the house, pay the mortgage amount and make a profit without any investment. However, if housing prices go down the mortgagee only lost the payments made already, which acted as an option premium. As the housing market collapsed, the losses were to be borne by the banking industry. Mortgages are pooled together to form collateralized mortgage obligations. These securities make mortgages from illiquid investments into liquid securities that sell in the secondary market. The high interest rates paid on mortgages and the liquidity feature of the securities attracted investors to invest trillions. The high demand for mortgage-backed securities in turn resulted in too much capital availability to create excessive low quality mortgages. As economy staggered and unemployment increased a high rate of mortgage default created the subprime crisis resulting in many banks to fail. As competitive pressures, increase only banks with high level of efficiency can survive. Larger banks enjoy both economies of scale and economies of scope. In an economic downturn, small and medium banks cannot maintain their net interest margins and tend to respond weakly to competitive pressures. Therefore, in an attempt to survive banks initiate mergers and acquisitions. Through mergers, these banks aim to improve efficiencies and reduce costs in order to improve their net interest margins and survive the hard times. Mergers do not always attain their desired goals. Many times the managements do not get along well, at other times the estimated synergies of the merger tend to be overestimated. Also, valuation models could have been erroneous resulting in huge write down of goodwill assets in the years to come. This can also wipe away the equity of the bank and eventually cause a bank to fail. Banks seek to maintain an active match between their assets and liabilities. A large gap between assets and liabilities can result in adverse movements. If a bank has a positive gap, its assets are more interest rate sensitive than its liabilities. The goal of banks is to maintain minimum interest rate exposure and keep the gap at a minimum. At times bank management can get more ambitious and take bets on interest rate movements. In this case, an unexpected movement in interest rates can be disastrous for a bank. In conclusion, a bank can fail due to various reasons mostly because of poor risk management techniques. Banks could be lending aggressively and create a large pool of subprime assets or they could maintain too little liquidity to meet their obligations during a financial crisis. All these reasons together can cause a bank to fail. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Main Determinants Of Bank Failure Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Study On The Main Determinants Of Bank Failure Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1094 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? During the last decade, banking industry has become highly competitive, resulting in many banks to use aggressive strategies in order to survive or maintain their respective share in the market. This tendency of these financial institutions to become more aggressive when confronted with competitive pressures has led many banks to fail. Banking industry has gone through significant changes and is continuing to undergo major structural alterations. This dynamic structure results in an uncertain environment for the industry. The recent financial crisis has raised a large number of concerns about the strength of the current banking system to provide stability to the financial markets. Banks taking too much risk are highly prone to fail. Banks may fail if equity is insufficient to provide a safe cushion to write down any non-performing loans. Before recent financial turmoil, banks were more concerned about their profitability. They attempted to maximize profits t o increase shareholders wealth by increasing their financial leverage. A large deposit base provided for high financial leverage for banks, while their equity cushion continued to diminish. Most banks were using a ratio of more than twenty times debt compared to their equity. Low level of equity provided a very small cushion for the banks in case of a financial turmoil. A bank with three percent equity could suffer a loss of all its shareholders wealth if it lost just a minor fraction of its loan assets. For example, bank with an equity base of 10 billion pounds and a loan base of as high as 300 billion pounds, would have lost all its equity with a decrease of 3.33 % in the value of its loan assets. Banks need to manage their liquidity risk with extreme caution. A bank that maintains to little liquid reserves can go bankrupt if it fails to meet its obligations on time. These obligations include payment on demand deposits and interest payments to depositors holding cash in thei r saving accounts. If the bank is holding too little cash, it can usually borrow money through inter-bank borrowing at the federal funds rate. However, at times of financial crisis the liquidity of the market could be low. In the recent financial crisis rumours about bank failures resulted in a run on banks. Depositors wanted to withdraw their money before a suspected bankruptcy. On a usual day banks only anticipate a certain maximum percentage of funds to be withdrawn and hence they maintain cash to meet regular operational needs. However, in case of a run on banks all depositors simultaneously appear at bank counters to withdraw their deposits. Such a panic situation can result in bankruptcy of any financially sound bank in a matter of hours. Liquidity risk requires active management, as too much liquidity can be as much of a problem as is too little liquidity. Banks operate in a highly competitive environment and they are always competing for deposits. Those banks that prov ide higher interest rates relative to competition are able to attract more deposits and thereby expand their operations. Those that provide low interest rates suffer the risk that depositors will withdraw their funds to banks, which pay a higher return. To provide a higher return a bank needs to make profitable loans to other parties. Extending loans for businesses and for consumers restrict the liquidity of the banks. Therefore, there is a trade-off involved and the management has to choose the optimum level between return and liquidity. An economic crisis results in high levels of unemployment and can cause the non-performing loans to increase significantly. Lack of diversification into various asset classes in financing loans can result in major bank failures. During the recent banking crisis, subprime lending was at its peak. A component that lacks diversification was the subprime mortgage lending. A large number of mortgagees were speculating on housing prices and did not ha ve sufficient means to pay the dues. Banks were lending on zero down payment options where the mortgage holder had a call option to exercise. If housing prices increase, the mortgagee can sell the house, pay the mortgage amount and make a profit without any investment. However, if housing prices go down the mortgagee only lost the payments made already, which acted as an option premium. As the housing market collapsed, the losses were to be borne by the banking industry. Mortgages are pooled together to form collateralized mortgage obligations. These securities make mortgages from illiquid investments into liquid securities that sell in the secondary market. The high interest rates paid on mortgages and the liquidity feature of the securities attracted investors to invest trillions. The high demand for mortgage-backed securities in turn resulted in too much capital availability to create excessive low quality mortgages. As economy staggered and unemployment increased a high rate of mortgage default created the subprime crisis resulting in many banks to fail. As competitive pressures, increase only banks with high level of efficiency can survive. Larger banks enjoy both economies of scale and economies of scope. In an economic downturn, small and medium banks cannot maintain their net interest margins and tend to respond weakly to competitive pressures. Therefore, in an attempt to survive banks initiate mergers and acquisitions. Through mergers, these banks aim to improve efficiencies and reduce costs in order to improve their net interest margins and survive the hard times. Mergers do not always attain their desired goals. Many times the managements do not get along well, at other times the estimated synergies of the merger tend to be overestimated. Also, valuation models could have been erroneous resulting in huge write down of goodwill assets in the years to come. This can also wipe away the equity of the bank and eventually cause a bank to fail. Banks seek to maintain an active match between their assets and liabilities. A large gap between assets and liabilities can result in adverse movements. If a bank has a positive gap, its assets are more interest rate sensitive than its liabilities. The goal of banks is to maintain minimum interest rate exposure and keep the gap at a minimum. At times bank management can get more ambitious and take bets on interest rate movements. In this case, an unexpected movement in interest rates can be disastrous for a bank. In conclusion, a bank can fail due to various reasons mostly because of poor risk management techniques. Banks could be lending aggressively and create a large pool of subprime assets or they could maintain too little liquidity to meet their obligations during a financial crisis. All these reasons together can cause a bank to fail. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Main Determinants Of Bank Failure Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Study On The Main Determinants Of Bank Failure Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1094 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? During the last decade, banking industry has become highly competitive, resulting in many banks to use aggressive strategies in order to survive or maintain their respective share in the market. This tendency of these financial institutions to become more aggressive when confronted with competitive pressures has led many banks to fail. Banking industry has gone through significant changes and is continuing to undergo major structural alterations. This dynamic structure results in an uncertain environment for the industry. The recent financial crisis has raised a large number of concerns about the strength of the current banking system to provide stability to the financial markets. Banks taking too much risk are highly prone to fail. Banks may fail if equity is insufficient to provide a safe cushion to write down any non-performing loans. Before recent financial turmoil, banks were more concerned about their profitability. They attempted to maximize profits t o increase shareholders wealth by increasing their financial leverage. A large deposit base provided for high financial leverage for banks, while their equity cushion continued to diminish. Most banks were using a ratio of more than twenty times debt compared to their equity. Low level of equity provided a very small cushion for the banks in case of a financial turmoil. A bank with three percent equity could suffer a loss of all its shareholders wealth if it lost just a minor fraction of its loan assets. For example, bank with an equity base of 10 billion pounds and a loan base of as high as 300 billion pounds, would have lost all its equity with a decrease of 3.33 % in the value of its loan assets. Banks need to manage their liquidity risk with extreme caution. A bank that maintains to little liquid reserves can go bankrupt if it fails to meet its obligations on time. These obligations include payment on demand deposits and interest payments to depositors holding cash in thei r saving accounts. If the bank is holding too little cash, it can usually borrow money through inter-bank borrowing at the federal funds rate. However, at times of financial crisis the liquidity of the market could be low. In the recent financial crisis rumours about bank failures resulted in a run on banks. Depositors wanted to withdraw their money before a suspected bankruptcy. On a usual day banks only anticipate a certain maximum percentage of funds to be withdrawn and hence they maintain cash to meet regular operational needs. However, in case of a run on banks all depositors simultaneously appear at bank counters to withdraw their deposits. Such a panic situation can result in bankruptcy of any financially sound bank in a matter of hours. Liquidity risk requires active management, as too much liquidity can be as much of a problem as is too little liquidity. Banks operate in a highly competitive environment and they are always competing for deposits. Those banks that prov ide higher interest rates relative to competition are able to attract more deposits and thereby expand their operations. Those that provide low interest rates suffer the risk that depositors will withdraw their funds to banks, which pay a higher return. To provide a higher return a bank needs to make profitable loans to other parties. Extending loans for businesses and for consumers restrict the liquidity of the banks. Therefore, there is a trade-off involved and the management has to choose the optimum level between return and liquidity. An economic crisis results in high levels of unemployment and can cause the non-performing loans to increase significantly. Lack of diversification into various asset classes in financing loans can result in major bank failures. During the recent banking crisis, subprime lending was at its peak. A component that lacks diversification was the subprime mortgage lending. A large number of mortgagees were speculating on housing prices and did not ha ve sufficient means to pay the dues. Banks were lending on zero down payment options where the mortgage holder had a call option to exercise. If housing prices increase, the mortgagee can sell the house, pay the mortgage amount and make a profit without any investment. However, if housing prices go down the mortgagee only lost the payments made already, which acted as an option premium. As the housing market collapsed, the losses were to be borne by the banking industry. Mortgages are pooled together to form collateralized mortgage obligations. These securities make mortgages from illiquid investments into liquid securities that sell in the secondary market. The high interest rates paid on mortgages and the liquidity feature of the securities attracted investors to invest trillions. The high demand for mortgage-backed securities in turn resulted in too much capital availability to create excessive low quality mortgages. As economy staggered and unemployment increased a high rate of mortgage default created the subprime crisis resulting in many banks to fail. As competitive pressures, increase only banks with high level of efficiency can survive. Larger banks enjoy both economies of scale and economies of scope. In an economic downturn, small and medium banks cannot maintain their net interest margins and tend to respond weakly to competitive pressures. Therefore, in an attempt to survive banks initiate mergers and acquisitions. Through mergers, these banks aim to improve efficiencies and reduce costs in order to improve their net interest margins and survive the hard times. Mergers do not always attain their desired goals. Many times the managements do not get along well, at other times the estimated synergies of the merger tend to be overestimated. Also, valuation models could have been erroneous resulting in huge write down of goodwill assets in the years to come. This can also wipe away the equity of the bank and eventually cause a bank to fail. Banks seek to maintain an active match between their assets and liabilities. A large gap between assets and liabilities can result in adverse movements. If a bank has a positive gap, its assets are more interest rate sensitive than its liabilities. The goal of banks is to maintain minimum interest rate exposure and keep the gap at a minimum. At times bank management can get more ambitious and take bets on interest rate movements. In this case, an unexpected movement in interest rates can be disastrous for a bank. In conclusion, a bank can fail due to various reasons mostly because of poor risk management techniques. Banks could be lending aggressively and create a large pool of subprime assets or they could maintain too little liquidity to meet their obligations during a financial crisis. All these reasons together can cause a bank to fail. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Main Determinants Of Bank Failure Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Study On The Main Determinants Of Bank Failure Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1094 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? During the last decade, banking industry has become highly competitive, resulting in many banks to use aggressive strategies in order to survive or maintain their respective share in the market. This tendency of these financial institutions to become more aggressive when confronted with competitive pressures has led many banks to fail. Banking industry has gone through significant changes and is continuing to undergo major structural alterations. This dynamic structure results in an uncertain environment for the industry. The recent financial crisis has raised a large number of concerns about the strength of the current banking system to provide stability to the financial markets. Banks taking too much risk are highly prone to fail. Banks may fail if equity is insufficient to provide a safe cushion to write down any non-performing loans. Before recent financial turmoil, banks were more concerned about their profitability. They attempted to maximize profits t o increase shareholders wealth by increasing their financial leverage. A large deposit base provided for high financial leverage for banks, while their equity cushion continued to diminish. Most banks were using a ratio of more than twenty times debt compared to their equity. Low level of equity provided a very small cushion for the banks in case of a financial turmoil. A bank with three percent equity could suffer a loss of all its shareholders wealth if it lost just a minor fraction of its loan assets. For example, bank with an equity base of 10 billion pounds and a loan base of as high as 300 billion pounds, would have lost all its equity with a decrease of 3.33 % in the value of its loan assets. Banks need to manage their liquidity risk with extreme caution. A bank that maintains to little liquid reserves can go bankrupt if it fails to meet its obligations on time. These obligations include payment on demand deposits and interest payments to depositors holding cash in thei r saving accounts. If the bank is holding too little cash, it can usually borrow money through inter-bank borrowing at the federal funds rate. However, at times of financial crisis the liquidity of the market could be low. In the recent financial crisis rumours about bank failures resulted in a run on banks. Depositors wanted to withdraw their money before a suspected bankruptcy. On a usual day banks only anticipate a certain maximum percentage of funds to be withdrawn and hence they maintain cash to meet regular operational needs. However, in case of a run on banks all depositors simultaneously appear at bank counters to withdraw their deposits. Such a panic situation can result in bankruptcy of any financially sound bank in a matter of hours. Liquidity risk requires active management, as too much liquidity can be as much of a problem as is too little liquidity. Banks operate in a highly competitive environment and they are always competing for deposits. Those banks that prov ide higher interest rates relative to competition are able to attract more deposits and thereby expand their operations. Those that provide low interest rates suffer the risk that depositors will withdraw their funds to banks, which pay a higher return. To provide a higher return a bank needs to make profitable loans to other parties. Extending loans for businesses and for consumers restrict the liquidity of the banks. Therefore, there is a trade-off involved and the management has to choose the optimum level between return and liquidity. An economic crisis results in high levels of unemployment and can cause the non-performing loans to increase significantly. Lack of diversification into various asset classes in financing loans can result in major bank failures. During the recent banking crisis, subprime lending was at its peak. A component that lacks diversification was the subprime mortgage lending. A large number of mortgagees were speculating on housing prices and did not ha ve sufficient means to pay the dues. Banks were lending on zero down payment options where the mortgage holder had a call option to exercise. If housing prices increase, the mortgagee can sell the house, pay the mortgage amount and make a profit without any investment. However, if housing prices go down the mortgagee only lost the payments made already, which acted as an option premium. As the housing market collapsed, the losses were to be borne by the banking industry. Mortgages are pooled together to form collateralized mortgage obligations. These securities make mortgages from illiquid investments into liquid securities that sell in the secondary market. The high interest rates paid on mortgages and the liquidity feature of the securities attracted investors to invest trillions. The high demand for mortgage-backed securities in turn resulted in too much capital availability to create excessive low quality mortgages. As economy staggered and unemployment increased a high rate of mortgage default created the subprime crisis resulting in many banks to fail. As competitive pressures, increase only banks with high level of efficiency can survive. Larger banks enjoy both economies of scale and economies of scope. In an economic downturn, small and medium banks cannot maintain their net interest margins and tend to respond weakly to competitive pressures. Therefore, in an attempt to survive banks initiate mergers and acquisitions. Through mergers, these banks aim to improve efficiencies and reduce costs in order to improve their net interest margins and survive the hard times. Mergers do not always attain their desired goals. Many times the managements do not get along well, at other times the estimated synergies of the merger tend to be overestimated. Also, valuation models could have been erroneous resulting in huge write down of goodwill assets in the years to come. This can also wipe away the equity of the bank and eventually cause a bank to fail. Banks seek to maintain an active match between their assets and liabilities. A large gap between assets and liabilities can result in adverse movements. If a bank has a positive gap, its assets are more interest rate sensitive than its liabilities. The goal of banks is to maintain minimum interest rate exposure and keep the gap at a minimum. At times bank management can get more ambitious and take bets on interest rate movements. In this case, an unexpected movement in interest rates can be disastrous for a bank. In conclusion, a bank can fail due to various reasons mostly because of poor risk management techniques. Banks could be lending aggressively and create a large pool of subprime assets or they could maintain too little liquidity to meet their obligations during a financial crisis. All these reasons together can cause a bank to fail. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Main Determinants Of Bank Failure Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Analysis Of The Kern s Article Gendered Urbanization

In relation to this, Kern’s article â€Å"Gendered Urbanization† illustrates how the factors attracting affluent women to the new condominiums in Parkdale are often the same instruments of oppression against the residents; according to her research, an attractive aspect of the new condominiums are security measures put into place to keep out the impoverished, and therefore dangerous, communities within Parkdale, such as a 24-hour concierge, double locks on all apartment doors, and a video monitor at the front desk. Even if â€Å"street[s] are very quiet† (Kern 372, III) the design of the buildings project and imply a criminal, unpredictable nature onto the original residents of Parkdale, and â€Å"enshrines these expectations into the built environment†. One resident interviewed stated â€Å" my [apartment] has twenty-four-hour security, and they don’t let anybody in without talking to security. Residents are not allowed to let anybody in, even if you open the doors† (Kern 372, IV). Therefore, the community lost to the shift in housing rates is not replaced with incoming residents, but rather the two communities are segregated by classist infrastructure and stereotypes that push the lower income people to the outskirts of Parkdale. This leads to a huge sense of isolation and unease in the community of original Parkdale residents because, not only are they threatened and disadvantaged financially, the implantation on these condominiums are actively keeping them out. In this same line of

Is Technology a Boon free essay sample

Technology is very much a part of modern life. Many people see technology as a force that has escaped from human control. Others feel that technology has improved the quality of life. Do you think that the contribution technology has made to modern life has been positive or negative? State your position on this issue and support it with appropriate examples. Technology has become a part of our lives. The issue of decide if this part is or not good for life is a controversial one. Many believe that contribution technology has made to modern life improve the quality of life in different aspects. Others believe that technology is out of human control and they see adverse effects in modern life. After careful analysis of different fields such as daily life, medicine, and education, I feel that contribution technology has made to modern life has been really positive and help to improve the quality of human lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Technology a Boon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first reason for me to believe contribution technology made to modern life is just the daily life to unprecedented levels. Houses security systems, for example, connected to the police, is more powerfully because is build on technologies developed in the last years. As women increase their roles in society in the last times, daily homework such is cook, make laundry or vacuum take less time to do it than before, and its permits women to dedicate this time to other activities such is study, working, and other activities. Not only the daily live is benefited by advances of technology, another field is medicine. Thanks to advances in technology, many diseases that before was the cause of massive death, now is a past true, with the advances in technology, scientific and doctors find different vaccines to help people be healthier. The medical equipments advances help process such as surgery in a way that was never possible before. Nowadays, it is routine to get a heart replacement, which in the past such situations was simply impossible. Most importantly, we can see how scientific are in the process of looking for the solution to current diseases, and this will be possible, with the use of advanced medical technology. The best reason for me to applaud contribution technology made is in the field of education. I see how the advances in technology help students in their learning. For instance, the use of projectors and video conferences help in important amount in the process of learning; by using these approaches, different kinds of students intelligence can be addressed. Computers are another example of contribution that technology made to educational field. The use of well equipped computer lab is truly helpful for students because they have the chance to learn computer skills that are very important in almost all the work environments. Nowadays, teachers can find information they can use in their daily lessons. For instance, in a math class, teachers can use updated statistical information finding in computers (by just a click), and they can infuse these information into a lesson, making the lesson related with real life situations for students. In the final analysis, I think the benefits technology offer to improve the quality of life outweigh the deficits. I do not think technology is out of human control and by the exposed in lines above we can easily see how technology helps and improves the quality of human live in the daily routine, Medical advances allow humans to live longer and more healthy lives than ever before and technological advances make the learning more easy. Ultimately, Technology is developed by people to help improve quality of human lives and all of us are using technological advances in many different ways, also to indicate that it is incontrollable.